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 Province No 7 Area covered- 19539sq.km(13%) Population-25lakh(10%) Major caste- Thakuri, Brahmin, Kshetri, Tharu  Major mountains- Api, saipal, Trade center-Bhimdittanagar,  Dhangadi silgadhi, Attariya, Tikapur Sanfebagar etc. National park- khapad NP, SuklaphantaWLR Food crops- paddy, wheat,barly,Maize. Cash crops- Oilseeds, cotton

Area covered- 29984(20%) Population- 11.5lakh(5%) Major caste- Thakuri, Brahmin,  kshetri, Dalit, Bhote etc. Religious site- deuti bajai, Chandannath Shey gumba,Kakre bihar etc Major rivers- Tila, very, Humla karnali, Mugu karnali Food crops- Cash crops- Herbs, apple It is spreading  into mountain and hilli region National parks-

 Area covered-22288sq.km(15%) Population-49lakh(18%) Major caste- Magar,Tharu,Brahmin,Kshetri Religious site- Lubini, Ridi, Resunga, Swargawari Thakurdwara, Bageshwari Trade center/city-Butwal, Bhairahawa,Tansen Krishnanagar, Lamahi,kohalpur, Nepalgunj Food crops- paddy,wheat, maize Cash crops- cotton  National park-  It si spreaded in hill and terai region of Nepal.

 Area covered-21504(14%) Population- 24 lakh(9%) Major caste- Magar, Gurung, Thakali, Dura, Brahmin, Kshetri etc. Religious site- Manakamana, Bindyabashini Hrishikesh, Muktinath, Baglung kalika,Galeshwar Major lakes-Fewa, Tilicho, Begnas,Rupa Major rivers- seti, kaligandaki,Marshyangdi It is spreaded in mountain and hilli region Major mountains- Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Manaslu,Hiuchuli National parks

 Province No 3 Area covered- 20300 sq.km(14%) Population- 55 lakh (21%) Major caste-Brahmin, kshetri,  Bhote,Newar,Jirel, Tharu, Magar, Sherpa, Dashnami etc. Religious site- Gosaikunda, Pashupati nath,Boudhanatha, Dolakha bhomsen Dakshinkali,Soyambhunath etc. Food crops- Paddy, Maize,wheat etc Cash crops- herbs, fruits, Vagetables. Major city- Kathmandu, Lalitpur,  bhaktupur, Hetauda, chitwan etc It is divided into mountain and hilly region Industrial area- Balaju, Patan, Hetauda Major mountain- Ganesh,Langtang Gaurishankar, Jugal National park-shivapuri national park

 Province No.2- Area cover- 9661(7%) Population- 54 lakh(20%) Major caste- Yadav, Tharu,  Muslim, Jha, etc. Religious site- Janakpur dham Chhinnamasta Devi,Ghadhimai, Food crops- Paddy, maize wheat  Cash crops- Jute, sugarecane, Tobacco Industry- Jute, sugar, Catton cloth Tobacco etc Languages- Maithali, Bhojpuri, Nepali, Bajjika It is lies only in mid terai  Districts-8 National park- koshi tappu wild life reserve,Parsa wild life reserve Major city- Janakpur, Birgunj,Lahan, Jaleshwor,etc.

  Province No-1 Area covered-25,905(18%) Population-45lakh( Major caste- Rai,Limbu,Lepcha,Rajbanshi,Koche, Meche,Brahmin,Kshetri,Sherpa etc Religious site- Baraha kshetra, Pathibhara, Haleshi, Chhintang devi, Arjundhara,etc. Food crops- Paddy, Maize, Wheat etc. Cash crops- Jute, Sugarcane, Cotton,Tea  Tobacco etc. Industry- Jute, Sugar, Tea, cotton cloth etc. It is vertically divided in mountain hill and terai. Highest peak- Mt.Everest, Kanchanjunga,Makalu, Choyu etc. National park- makalu, Barun, sagarmatha and koshi tappu  wild life reserve.  Major city- Birat nagar, itahari, dharan, birtamod, Dhankuta,  Damak, etc. Major highway – East-west highway, Machi highway, Madan bhandari  highway.etc.

   Causes to failoure of regionalism in Nepal Due to the poor implementation of plan and policies. Due to political instability. Due to unpatriotic and visionless rulers and leaders. Due to difficult land topography. Due to lack of people participation Due to corruption. Due to centralization of power and policies

Following four sectors that can control only by the central government Military management. Large development projects such as national highway, railway, big hydropower,postal service, multi provincial project etc. Foreign affairs such as foreign policy,diplomatic relation,treaty agreement contract etc. National monetary Policy such as budget

 Functions of state or provincial government To carry out day to day administration within the state. To maintain law and order and improve their condition. To bring out development activities in its province. To legislate rules,law,policies,and programmes. To raise the public revenue and spend it. To carry out public welfare service such as education,health,transportation etc.

 Challenges for implementing federal system in nepal It is expensive form of government which is burden some economically. Equal distribution of the available means and resources to all the sates is challenging. Nepal is a country of cultural diversity.in this regard,it is difficult to democrate a state on the basis of socio-cultural aspects. There might be huge gap in development between rich and poor states because of geographical variation of the country.  

Difference between federal and state government  : federal government:                         1.Responsible for national security system 2. Formulates national policies and programme for development and launched them through out the country. 3. Makes financial provision or national monitoring policies at central level. 4. Takes over the responsibility of any federal units during the crisis or emergency 5. Represents the nation at regional and international forums and concern with the foreign policy.    state government:                                                           Responsible for internal law and order and security system 2. Makes necessary plan policies and programme for the development work inside the state. 3. Generates revenues locally within the state for the state expenditure. 4. Caries out day to day administration within the state. 5. Caries out the public welfare service like health, education, transportation,communication etc.

 Disadvantages of federal system: There is possibility of fragmentation the nation. Distribution of economic resources may be uneven. It is an expensive  mode of administration. Federal system is not suitable for small countries. If the division of the state is mot proper,there will be imbalance among the states.

 Importance of federal system: It increases the competition between the states which promotes development. The means and resources of a state are properly utilize. The state do not have to wait for the center for development activities.This makes development faster. People’s Participation increases in the development  State becomes self-reliant.

 Fedralism : Fedralism is a political system in which country is divided into different autonomous states or provinces. Nepal was declared a fedral democratic republic on 28 may 2008/(Jestha 15,2065). Regionalism: The divosion of a country into various administrative units such as development regions, physical regions for bringing harmonous development in anation is called regionalism. Nepal was divided into 5 development regions in 2037BS. Decentralization: Decentralization is a process of delegating power from center to local bodeies of the government with a purpose to make proportionate development and help to run administrative and development work smoothly. State restructure: The restructuring of state refers to change the old administrative and ruling system by dividing Nepal into federal states and implimenting it.

 Formula calculate HDI Life expectancy index=average life expectancy of the nation-low life   expectancy of the world Highest life expectancy of the world-Lowest life expectancy of the world 2. Educational index=average educational enrollment of the  nation                                                               15 +     Average educational targeted of the targeted nation                     18                        2 3.Income index= Per capita income of the concerned nation + Lowest per capita income of the world Highest per capita income of the world-Lowest per capita income of world 4 Human development index(HDI) HDI= value(A)+value(B)+value(C)                                      

 The indicaters that shows the periodic progress in the status of the country´s economic, social, educational,health etc.aspects of human life are known as human development index (HDI) Elements of HDI Per-capita income Literacy rate Life expectancy rate Need of HDI CALCULATION To identify the situation of human development. To specify the areas for human development. To improve the situation of human development To schedule the strategies that the country has to adopt for the improvement of human development.

Human resources are the people who make up the work force of an organization, business or economy. Type of human resource 1      Skilled human resource 2      Semi-skilled human resources 3    Unskilled human resources Need of human resources •        To determine the type, quality and need of human resources and fulfill them. •        To recruit the requires  human resources when needed and manage over staffing.         To determine the costing of human resources in organizations and increase or decrease the number. •        To study the type of human resources required in the nation determine the possibility of their availability.  

 

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